1. ʻO nā mea'ilika maka. Hoʻokumu nui ʻia kēia mea maka i nā minela pālolo, ʻo kēia silicate kahi papa papa, nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a loaʻa kekahi plasticity. I ka hana ʻana i nā seramika, e loaʻa iā ia ka hana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka plasticizing, i hiki ke hoʻokumu koke ʻia ka grouting, i hiki ke maʻalahi i ka blank, a i ka manawa like i ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka kemika a me ka paʻa wela.
2. Paʻa nā mea maka. ʻEkolu mau mea nui, ʻo ia hoʻi nā paʻakai i loko o ka oxygen, nā alumini oxides, nā silicon oxides, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ʻaʻole he plastic kēia mau ʻāpana mineral. I ka hana ʻana i nā seramika, e pāʻani ia i ka hana o ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka viscosity, i hoʻemi ʻia ka viscosity o ka blank. Hoʻohui ʻia kekahi quartz me ke aniani feldspar e pale i ka deformation kiʻekiʻe.
3. Flux mea maka. ʻO nā ʻāpana mineral e like me nā metala alkali, nā paʻakai i loko o ka oxygen a me nā oxides o nā metala honua alkaline nā hana nui, a ʻo ka hana nui ke kōkua i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, a ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe wela kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kekahi kaolin a me ka quartz, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka cementation kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā mea maʻamau he granite, dolomite a me feldspar.
4. Nā lako maka hana. He mea maka no ka hana ʻana i nā seramika, a ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he kuleana nui, he mea nui nō hoʻi ia. I ka hana ʻana i nā seramika, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi nui kūpono o ia mau mea maka hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kekahi hana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kaʻina hana, a hoʻonui i ka hiʻohiʻona holoʻokoʻa a me ka waiwai.
