Nui nā ʻano ʻano kīʻaha kī porcelain, ʻo nā mea nui: ʻo ka celadon tea sets, keʻokeʻo porcelain tea sets, black porcelain tea sets and colored porcelain sets. He ʻaoʻao hanohano kēia mau kīʻaha kī i ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka moʻomeheu kī Kina.
ʻO ke kī kī Celadon
ʻO ke kī kī Celadon me ka xxx maikaʻi i hana ʻia ma Zhejiang. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Eastern Han Dynasty, ua hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana o ka celadon me ke kala maʻemaʻe a me ka luminescence ʻālohilohi. ʻO ke kiln Yue, Wu kiln a me Ou kiln ma Zhejiang i ka Jin Dynasty ua hiki i kahi nui nui. I ka Song Dynasty, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kiln kaulana ʻelima i kēlā manawa, ua hōʻea ka celadon tea set i hana ʻia e Zhejiang Longquan Ge Kiln i kona kiʻekiʻe a ua lawe ʻia aku i ka honua holoʻokoʻa. I ka Ming Dynasty, ua kaulana loa nā kī kī celadon no ko lākou ʻano maʻalahi, ke ʻano hanohano, ka aniani ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me nā hiʻohiʻona nani. I ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia 16, ua lawe ʻia ʻo Longquan celadon i Farani, a ua hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe iā ia me ka ʻaʻahu ʻōmaʻomaʻo nani o ka heroine Xue Latong i ka pāʻani kaulana ʻo "Shepherdess" i kaulana ma ʻEulopa i kēlā manawa, a ua kapa ʻia ʻo Longquan celadon "Xue Laton" ma ke ʻano he waiwai laha. ʻO ka wā o kēia manawa, loaʻa i nā pūʻulu kī celadon Zhejiang Longquan nā hanana hou, a ke hoʻomau nei nā huahana hou. Ma waho aʻe o nā mea maikaʻi he nui o nā kīʻaha porcelain tea, hoʻohana ʻia kēia kīʻaha kī e hana i ke kī ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma muli o kona kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nani o ka sopa. Eia nō naʻe, maʻalahi ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ia no ka hana ʻana i ke kī ʻeleʻele, ke kī keʻokeʻo, ke kī melemele, a me ke kī ʻeleʻele e hoʻolilo i ka ʻōpala kī i kona helehelena mua, me he mea lā ʻaʻole lawa.
ʻO ke kī porcelain keʻokeʻo
Loaʻa i ke kī porcelain keʻokeʻo nā hiʻohiʻona o ka billet paʻa a ʻākala, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ke ahi ipu lepo, ʻaʻohe wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, kani mālie a me ka mele lōʻihi. Ma muli o kona waihoʻoluʻu keʻokeʻo, hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i ke kala o ka sopa kī, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wela haʻahaʻa a me ka hana mālama ʻana i ka wela, me nā ʻano waihoʻoluʻu a me nā ʻano like ʻole, hiki ke kapa ʻia he waiwai i loko o nā ipu inu kī. I ka wā kahiko o ka mōʻī Tang, ʻo nā ipu porcelain keʻokeʻo i hana ʻia e Xingyao ma ka ʻāina ʻo Hebei i "hoʻohana mau ʻia e nā aliʻi a me nā aliʻi o ka honua." Ua kākau pū ʻo Bai Juyi o ka mōʻī Tang i nā mele e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i nā kīʻaha kī keʻokeʻo i hana ʻia ma Dayi, Sichuan. I ka Yuan Dynasty, ua lawe ʻia aku nā kīʻaha keʻokeʻo porcelain ma Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province. I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka hou o nā kīʻaha kīʻaha keʻokeʻo. He kūpono kēia kī kī keʻokeʻo no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano kī like ʻole. Eia kekahi, nani ke ʻano o ka porcelain tea set, a ua pena ʻia kona pā waho me nā mauna a me nā kahawai, nā pua a me nā mea kanu, nā manu a me nā holoholona, nā moʻolelo ʻano, a i kāhiko ʻia me ka calligraphy kaulana, a ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.
ʻEleʻele kī porcelain
ʻO nā kīʻaha kīʻeleʻeleʻele, hoʻomaka i ka hope o ka moʻokūʻauhau Tang, ulu i ka Song, hoʻomau i ka Yuan, a hōʻole i ka Ming a me Qing dynasties, no ka mea mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Song xxx, ke ʻano o ka inu kī.
Ua hoʻololi iki ʻia mai ke ʻano Sencha i ka moʻokūʻauhau Tang a i ke ʻano o ke kauoha ʻana i ke kī, a ʻo ke kī hakakā kaulana i ka Song Dynasty i hoʻokumu i nā kūlana no ka piʻi ʻana o nā pūʻulu kī porcelain ʻeleʻele.
Ua ana ka poʻe mele i ka hopena o ka hakakā ʻana i ke kī, nānā i ke kala a me ka like ʻole o ka sopa noodle kī, a kau mua i ka "keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo"; ʻO ka lua, e nānā i ke alo a i ʻole ka ʻole o nā kaha wai ma ka hui ʻana o ka pua sopa a me ke kukui kī a ʻike koke a ma hope paha, me "ʻaʻohe kaha wai ma ke kukui" ma luna. ʻO Cai Xiang, ʻo ia ke kolu o ka ʻelele i kēlā manawa, i hōʻike maopopo loa i kāna "Tea Record":
"He mea maikaʻi loa ka ʻike ʻana i kona helehelena keʻokeʻo a ʻaʻohe ona wai; I ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻāʻo hakakā, ʻo ka mea mua me ka hōʻailona wai ka mea lanakila, a lanakila ka mea paʻa.
E like me ka Song Dynasty Zhu Mu i ʻōlelo ai ma "Fang Yu Shengyan", "He keʻokeʻo ʻo Brown, i loko o ke kukui ʻeleʻele, ua maʻalahi nā hōʻailona e hōʻoia". No laila, ua lilo ke kukui kī porcelain ʻeleʻele o ka Song Dynasty i nā ʻano nui loa o nā ʻāpana kī porcelain. ʻO Fujian Jianyao, Jiangxi Jizhou Kiln, Shanxi Yuci Kiln, a me nā mea'ē aʻe, hana nā mea a pau i nā kīʻaha kīʻeleʻeleʻele i nā mea nui, a lilo i wahi hana nui o nā pūʻulu kīʻeleʻele. Ma waena o nā kīʻaha kīʻaha ʻeleʻele porcelain kī, ʻo ka "Jianzhen" i hana ʻia e Jianyao ka mea mahalo loa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Cai Xiang "Tea Record" penei:
"ʻO ka mea nāna i hana ʻo Jianʻan ... ʻO ka mea nui loa. ʻO ka poʻe i hele mai mai kahi ʻē aʻe, lahilahi a poni paha, ʻaʻole maikaʻi e like me ka maikaʻi.
Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomālamalama i nā ʻāpana kala ʻulaʻula, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka hoihoi o ka hakakā kī. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Ming Dynasty, no ka mea, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka "cooking point" mai ka Song Dynasty, ʻeleʻele porcelain hale kukui "me he mea lā ʻaʻole kūpono", he "hoʻomākaukau no hoʻokahi".
Kohu kī porcelain kala
Nui nā ʻano ʻano kīʻaha kī ʻulaʻula, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kīʻaha kī porcelain ʻulaʻula a me ke keʻokeʻo ʻoi aku ka maka. Blue a me keʻokeʻo porcelain kī set, 'oiaʻiʻo, e pili ana i ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka cobalt oxide e like me ke kala kala, e hōʻike pololei ana i ke kumu ma ka porcelain huila, a laila uhi i ka papa o ka malamalama glaze, a laila e hoemi a puhi i ke kiʻekiʻe wela o ma kahi o 1300 °C i loko o ke kiln.
Eia naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka "blue" i ke kala o "blue flower" i ka wā kahiko a me kēia manawa. Ua ʻōlelo pū ka poʻe kahiko i ka ʻeleʻele, uliuli, uliuli, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā waihoʻoluʻu ʻē aʻe he "'ōmaʻomaʻo", no laila ʻoi aku ka laulā o ke ʻano o ka "pua uliuli" ma mua o ka poʻe o kēia wā. Hōʻike ʻia ia e:
ʻO ke ʻano polū a me ke keʻokeʻo e hōʻike ana kekahi i kekahi, he mea ʻoluʻolu i ka maka; He nani a he nani nā kala, a he kala ʻālohilohi
Ka mana o ka nani. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka glaze ma ka mea kala ke nānā aku i ka maʻemaʻe a me ka ʻālohilohi, kahi e hoʻohui ai i ka nani o nā hui kī uliuli a keʻokeʻo.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka waena a me ka hope o ka moʻokūʻauhau ʻo Yuan i hoʻomaka ai e hana ʻia i nā pūʻulu kī ʻulaʻula a me ke keʻokeʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Jingdezhen, ʻo ia ka mea i lilo i wahi hana nui o nā kīʻaha porcelain keʻokeʻo ma Kina. Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻenehana pena kiʻi uliuli a me ke keʻokeʻo porcelain kiʻi, ʻoi aku ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana pena kuʻuna Kina i ka porcelain, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia ka hopena nui o ka pena kiʻi Yuan Dynasty. Ma hope o ka Yuan Dynasty, ma waho aʻe o ka hana ʻana i nā kīʻaha uliuli a me ke keʻokeʻo ma Jingdezhen, aia kekahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā kīʻaha porcelain keʻokeʻo uliuli a me ke keʻokeʻo i hana ʻia ma Yuxi, Jianshui ma Yunnan, Jiangshan a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma Zhejiang. Ming moʻokūʻauhau, Jingdezhen hana o ka uliuli a me ke keʻokeʻo porcelain kī sets, e like me teapots, kī kīʻaha, kī kukui, oi a oi ano o na waihoʻoluʻu, oi a oi hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi, ina paha ia o ke kinona, shape, ornamentation, etc. o ka luna o ka aina, e lilo i kekahi hana o ka uliuli a me ke keʻokeʻo kī hoʻonohonoho kiln mea hoʻohālike, Qhengxian a me ka polū Yoporlong mea, oi aku ka manawa, Qhengxian a me ka blue Yoporlong mea. i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ka mōʻaukala o ka ulu ʻana o nā ceramics kahiko, a komo i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka mōʻaukala, ua ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ka moʻokūʻauhau mua, e pili ana i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana. ʻO nā ipu porcelain uliuli a me ke keʻokeʻo i puhi ʻia i ka wā ʻo Kangxi Dynasty i ʻike ʻia ʻo "ka mea maikaʻi loa o ka Qing Dynasty" i ka mōʻaukala.
