He inoa hui ʻia nā Ceramics no ka ipu lepo a me ka porcelain, akā he ʻano hana noʻeau a me nā mea hana ma Kina, a hiki i ka wā Neolithic, he ʻano ʻano maʻalahi a maʻalahi ʻo Kina o ka ipu lepo pena a me ka ipu ʻeleʻele. He ʻokoʻa nā ʻano a me nā waiwai o ka ipu lepo a me ka porcelain. Hana ʻia ka pālolo me ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe a me ka plasticity ikaika e like me ke kumu kumu, opaque, pores maikaʻi a me ka hoʻoheheʻe wai nāwaliwali, a ʻo ka leo o ka paʻi ʻana he turbid. Hana ʻia me ka pālolo, feldspar a me ka quartz, ʻo ka porcelain he translucent, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, pale i ka corrosion, paʻakikī a paʻa, a palupalu. ʻO nāʻoihana seramika kahiko a Kina, ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe, keʻano nani, ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe, kaulana i ka honua.
Pālolo): ʻO ka ipu lepo, ʻo ia ka ipu i hana ʻia ma ke kāwili ʻana i ka pālolo a i ʻole ka terracotta i nā ʻano like ʻole a puhi ʻia. He moʻolelo lōʻihi ka ipu lepo, a ua ʻike mua ʻia ka ipu lepo maʻalahi a paʻakikī i ka wā Neolithic. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka potera ma ke ʻano he mea kūʻai aku i kēlā me kēia lā i ka wā kahiko a ʻohi ʻia i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he hana lima. ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka ipu lepo ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻohana mua ʻana i nā hoʻololi kemika e hoʻololi i nā waiwai kūlohelohe, a ʻo ia kekahi o nā hōʻailona o ka ulu ʻana o ke kaiāulu kanaka mai ka Paleolithic a hiki i ka wā Neolithic.
Porcelain): Hana ʻia ʻo Porcelain me ka pōhaku porcelain, kaolin, pōhaku quartz, mullite, etc., a ua uhi ʻia ka waho me ka vitreous glaze a i ʻole nā mea pena. Pono e puhi ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka porcelain i ka wela kiʻekiʻe (e pili ana i 1280 °C ~ 1400 °C) i loko o ka kiln, a e hoʻololi ʻia ke kala aniani ma ka ʻili o ka porcelain ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka mahana, kahi waiwai i hōʻike ʻia e ka moʻomeheu Kina. ʻO Kina ka ʻāina hānau o ka porcelain, a ʻo ka porcelain kahi mea nui i hana ʻia e ka poʻe hana kahiko. Ua kākau ʻo Xie Zhaoxuan ma "Five Miscellaneous Tricks": "ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau o kēia lā ua kapa ʻia ka kiln ware he mea hana magnet, a ʻo ka kiln ma Cizhou ka nui loa, no laila e hoʻonui i kona inoa, e like me ke kālā i kapa ʻia ʻo Miti, kapa ʻia ka ʻīnika chyme, a pēlā aku." "I kēlā manawa, ʻo ka "magnetic" kiln i ʻike ʻia ma muli o ka hana nui loa o Cizhou kiln. ʻO kēia ke kumu mōʻaukala mua loa i ʻike ʻia e hoʻohana i ka inoa porcelain.
